Process of constructing and assembling the parts of heavy ordnance.



110.7273622. v' I PATBNTBD MAY12,1903. A. H. EMBRY.

PROCESS of' GONSTRUGTING AND ASSBMBLING THE PARTS 0F HEAVY ORDNANGB.

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@y www f /j/ mmm@ A0. vzw/uu. PATBNTBD MAY 12. 190s. A. H. EMBRY.

PROCESS 0F GONSTRUGTING AND ASSEMBLING THE PARTS 0F HEAVY ORDNANGB.

APPLIUATION FILED MAY 29, 1901. N0 MODEL. 4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

/VVENTOR v mmm mmmm A No. 727,768. A

'Nrrnn STATES.' PATENT Fries.

ALBERT I-l. EMERY, OF STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT.

PROCESS F CNSTRUCTING AND ASSEMLING THE PARTS 0F HEAVY ORDNANCE.

.SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 727,768, dated May 12, 1903.

To all 'whom 2372 may concern:

Be it known that I, ALBERT H. EMERY, a citizen of'the United States, residing at Stamford, in the county of Fairfield and State of Connecticut, have invented certain new and'l useful Improvements in Processes of Coustructin'g and Assembling the Parts of Heavy Ordnance, of which thefollowing is a speciiication. The nature of my 'invention relates to the 1 'construction and assembling of heavy-'ord nance, more especially to that class in which the parts of the gun are assembled and strained 'from the interior outward under the process which I have described in application `,Serial No. 657,263, liled November 2,1897, and'in another application, Serial No. 411,904, tiled April 6, 1900. Some additional details .of the process are here described and claimed, 2o and certain machinery and apparatus desirableto use in carrying out this process of construction are also described herein, which will be claimed in a divisional application.

In the'accompanying drawings, Figure I shows a side elevation of a gun constructed under the process employed and herein de-v v scribed, one-half of the gun being in section.

Figs. II and III show' sections of parts of the gun on a larger scale with some modifications of the parts shownfinFig. I. Fig. IV shows a portion of a lining-tube, with the details of construction on a larger scale. Fig. V shows a general pla-u of a machine applicable for use in the construction and assembling of ordnance. Fig. VI shows one end of this machine in plan drawn on a larger scale.v Fig. VII is an end elevation of Fig. VI, the rods 14 and 15 beingshown in section. Fig. VIII shows a plan ot' one-half of 'one of the presses. of this machine in section and a portion of one of the ways of the machine. Fig. .IX shows a section of 'a packing of the piston -of the press on a larger scale. Fig. X shows a section of the packing for the piston-rod of the press and a portion in section of the parts containing the packing also on a larger scale. Fig. XI shows a plan of'a machine and a portion of a gun supported fherein'and being operated upon, together with pariset the apparatus used iu the constructiondue-half of the parts of the gun and apparatus being ,'shown in section. Fig. XII shows on an eu- Application filed May 29, 1901. Serial No. 62,3881 (No model.)

larged seale'a section of yone end of a gun member and a portion ofthe straining-bar, the supporting-ring, and the packings used at this point to contain the liquid. Fig. XIII shows in section similar details at the other end of the bar.-v Fig. XIV shows a plan of several gun members, with the straining-bar and other parts of the apparatus one-half in section arranged as in operating the parts. Fig. XV shows the section on a larger scale of a portion of the straining-bar at a point where the diameter changes, with the packings and the ducts which carry the pressure liquid. Fig. XVI shows a section of a portion of a gun at the breech end, with the method of assembling and straining the ring to position which-tixes the breech-sleevef irmlyin its place, with a portion of the ap.

paratus used to strain it to position.

The gun shown in Fig. I consists ot' a main barrel 1,jacket 2, and hooping-tube V3 and a A member 4, introduced between 1 and 2. The rear part ofthe bore has a lining-tube 5. The chamber is closed with a breech-block b',whicb has an interrupted screw-tl1read sealing iu the breech-block 7. The gun when in use will be supported in its carriage by saddlerings 8 and 9. The members l and 4 are strengthened by banding rings or hoops 10 and 1l.

In'Fig. Il, wherethe breech of the gun is shown on an enlarged scale, the banding.

hoop 3, instead of being made in one piece, as shown in Fig. I, consists of a main tube banded with two series of hoops or rings 3 and 3b. In the same figure and in Fig. III thev member 4, which is shown in one piece in Fig. I interposed between the parts 1 and 2, is shown made up of three series ofrings 4, 4", and 4. This method of making members 3 and 4 compound .is especially desirable in case of very heavy guns, or those in which the pressures put upon the gases in firing are very large. I

In case the member 4 is not very thick it can be made very well by forging hollow in one piece and oil-tempering, then boring and turning, ready for assembling; butin the case `I prefer to make this member compound, as Y shown in Figs. II and lll. The small rings there shown can be forged and rolled to makethe fibers tangential, and the parts may be finished and tempered with a much higher strength and higher limit of elasticity than can'be done when forged in one piece, as shown in Fig. I. When the member 3, Fig. I, is made compound, as shownin Fig. II, the two or more series of rings 33b should be put together with such dimensions that when assembledthe outer rings will givecompression to the inner, thus asaemblng two' series of these rin gs by themselves. should have tension and the inner compression, due to the relative diameters of these rings before assembling. These rings may be assembled by heating the outer ones and shrinking them onto the interior rings, or they may be pressed together mechanically without trouble by the use of suitable appliances. In the construction of this gun the tube 3 should be forged hollow and oil-tem pered and annealed to such extent as may be found desirable and then turned and bored with diameters smaller than those it is to z5 have in the finished gun. Itis then strained most conveniently byhydraulic pressure acting from the interior outward to stretch these parts tangentially, forcing the interior outward toward the exterior and permanently enlarging the interior parts by this internal pressure put upon it by the liquid or fluid used in straining it. This strain used in expandingthis `part vmay be sufficient to give permanent set to the trier fr.ly '\but unless the steel is very high it is best to continue the strain until the intensity is such that the piece is enlarged'sufflciently to give a high strain of tension to the exterior, as well as the 4interior of the piece, the strain being sufficient to. give a material permanent set to the exterior and a larger one to the interior. When the pressure is removed, the piece contracts. The strains of tension on the exterior will give a strain of compression to the interior parts of the tube. Both the ultimate strength and limit of elasticity are very materially increased in straining the parts this way.' If this piece is'compound, as shown in Fig. II, the rings 3 3l are finished and as- 5o .sembled as previously mentioned, as is also the saddle-ring 8. This saddle-ring and the interior banding-ring 3a are nished with in terior diameters considerably larger than the exterior of member 3. They are slipped loosely over the member 3,- then are put With it into the straining-machine'and expanded by'interior pressure, whiclgi: tir: .'.sui-.lcie'nt to cause the external diameter ofthe part 3 to be enlarged until it isseized by the rings 3a. Then the pressure is further increased until the member 3 is enlarged tangentially enough to vgive a high strain of tension to the rings 3a 3", dac. This strain should be carried up .to nearly the limit of elasticity of the rings 3a. On removing the pressure froml the interior of tube 3 it will be found that the rings 3 3b,

are still under high tension, while the mem- The outer rings ber'3 will as a whole be lunder the strain of i compression, due to the remaining strain of tension in 3a 3b, &c. jThe saddle-ring-8 will 7o also be found to be securely fixed on the-tube 3. The enlarging of this tube by this method of expansion increasesits diameter, but decreases its length. This causes the rings 3 3b, &c., not only to firmly seize it, but they are brought tightly together, their -adjoining faces being pressed close to each other by the contraction.longitudinally of the member 3.

While the member 3 is under compression from the tension in the outer rings, if a-'section of this member is removed it will be found that the exterior will be under tension and the interior under compression the same in kind as when strained without the rings, these strains resulting from the interior of., the tube having received a higher propertional permanent set in the process of strain.-4 ing than does the exterior. These relative j strains are in the best direction to adapt the parts best for use in the finished gun. Y v

The member 2, which forms the main jacket of the gun, is best made in one continuous piece, forged hollow, of; strong ductile steel, then oil-tempered and,l if necessary, annealed to give it sufficient ductility for furtheruse. This piece, like most other parts of the gun, is preferably made of fluid-com pressed steel. I After it has been tempered and annealed,if necessary, it is bored and turned with diameters considerably smaller than it iste have in the finished gun. It is now ready to be expandedby internal pressure. It is slipped loosely into the member' 3, With'the saddlerings Sand 9 in position, and the parts are then placed in the straining-machine, as shown'in Fig. XI.

The straining-machine adapted for con structing and assembling these guns is illustrated in Figs. V to X, inclusive, its use being further shown in Figs. XI to XVI, inclusive.

12 and 13 are two hydraulic presses connected with each other by ways 14 and l5, the latter being held in position by supports 16.

17 and 18 are beams4 provided to move along the ways 14 15 to support and fixzthe work in position. When adj usted to convenient' points, they are secured to the waysat such points by pins or'bolts 19.

The. presses 12 and -13 may be supported in any suitable way tor'enderthem convenient for use. One or both of these presses should be movable. They are. fixed to the ways at any convenient points by pins or bolts 19. The presses 1 2 13 and beams-17 and 18 are made to fit the ways, as shown in Fig. VII, but have openings at the end of the crossheads and beams which allow them to freely pass the supports 16. The ways 14 and 15, if long, are best made in two or more pieces, united by a screw splicing-piece 20. (Shown in Fig. VIII.)

The presses l2 and 13 may be constructed as shown in Fig. VIII, where 12 represents IOO.

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Wthe cross-head of the press 12 4'and consists of 176s is ton-rod 26 is threaded at its outer end for the ready adjustment with the parts used in conro nection therewith. This adjustment is more readily performed in many cases by having a smaller part 27 extending therefrom, which is also threaded. The packing is shown in detail on a large scale in Fig. IX. It consists of a ring 28, having atbiir lip 28?",which closes to prevent the passy-.ge 'of tile fluid, being closed naturally by theaction of the Iiuid and aided and assisted in its closing by the elastic packing 29, which is usually made of e matter.

30 represents screws -which force the ring 31 against the packing 29 and crowd the lat ter against the ring 28 in the cylindrical wall of the press. That this may be more readily `25 accomplished a fibrous elastic packing 32 is placed between the ring 31 and the packing 29. The cupped ring 28 is provided with a series of grooves, which makes its bearing- 'faces on 'the piston 24 and the wall of the 3o cylinder 12b less in area thanv that of the liquid-bearing surface on the opposite faces and causes it to seal the joint better than When these grooves are notused. The crosshead 12 of the press is provided with a lin- .35 ing 33. (Shown in Figs. VIII and X.) This lining may, if desired, overlap the joint between-12 and 12b, as shown in Fig. VIII. It has a lip or fiange 33a extendingirzo the cross-head around the piston-.rod an`d con- 4o tains in a recess between it and the Ipistonrod a packing 34.

5o provided, and to insure a more thoro ughsealing an elastic cup-packing ring 36 is provided. The latter is forced out against the y lips of the ring by the metal ring 37, the

-whole packing being securely pressedy together and held in position by the screw-col- Llar 38.

"""In Fig. XI the members'2 and 3 of the gun are shown in position in the machine in the process of straining them, as previously menak tioned. T hey should have after straining both 1nter1or and exterior diameters sr'faller than they are to have -in the finished gun.

T The member 3.1nay be strained by itself without 2, as described, or it may be put into the ,machine with 2 before either .of them has been strained, the two parts being slipped loosely together, with the saddle-rings f8 and 9 in position, as shown. These latter should `be finished or nearly finished before assembling and should have such internal diameters relatively to the members 2 and 3 that they will not'be enlarged in the process of straining thelatter to a greater extent than is desired. In straining the parts 2 and 3 together the part 2 is slipped over the strainingbar 39 and rests 'in rings 40 and 4l, the latter resting in the beams- 17 and 1S. 17 is xed to the ways by bolts 19, while 18 is free to move as the work progresses. The liquid rused to force the parts outis put into the pump-chamber in the bar 39 andis forced by the plunger 42 out through the duct 43 into the annular space between the straining-bar and gun member 2. This liquid is confined in this chamber by packings 44 and 45. (Shown in Fig. XI and on an enlarged scale in Figs. XII and XIII.) The packing 44 may be a single ring, as shown in Figs. XII and XIII, or it may be a compound packing, if preferred. When made in a single ring, it should be of steel or hard bronze and seated in the ring or 4l, or it may, if preferred, be seated in the gun member, as shown in Fig.. XIII. The'surface against which this packing rests and slides as the member is expanded may be polished to prevent abrasion and tearing of the packing. When this packing is used, as shown in Fig. XII, the end of the gun member 2 may be polished to pre-4 vent abrasion as the member stretches outward and slides on the packings. The packing 44, if made in one piece, had best be grooved, as shown, to reduce its bearing-surfaces. In Fig. XII the packing 45, which is used'to prevent the liquid from flowing away around the straining-bar, is placed further outward than the packing 44, while in Fig. XIII the packing 45, which prevents the 4iiow of the liquid past the left-hand end of the straining-bar, is shown farther inward than the position of the packing 44, and when 45 is so located 44 may be dispensed with, the gun member 2 resting directly against the supporting-ring 41. The member 2 may be centered in the rings 40 and 41 either by screws 46 (shown in Fig. XIII) or by the memberA tting the rings 40 and 4l fora portion of its length, as shown in Fig. XII. When made as here shown, as the member 2 enlarges the little supporting and centering corner where it bears on the rings 40 is crushed away to the extent necessary to allow the desired expansion of the part 2. The plunger 42 is suitably packed by a packing 47, similar to the packings 45. (Shown in Figs. XII and XIII.) These packings each consist of a screw-collar 48, best made of hard vbronze and provided at their inner ends with a conical lip 49, which seals the joint between it and the part in which it is screwed. To make this sealing more perfect, grooves are provided in the exterior of this lip, which reduce its bearing-surface and aid in sealing.

The sleeve 48 has a recess made by the ex,

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I IAO tending lip 49 ,and contains the packing, which consists of a coned ring 50, flexible packing 5,1, andl adjusting-ring 52, which orcos a brouspacking 53 against the flexible packing l, crowding the latter against a thin lip 54, which extends back from the rear of the coned ring 50. The working faces of preferably grooved on its outer bearing-faces,

as shown in the drawings, The plunger 42 is forced against the liquidv lin the strainingbar 39 by any suitable means; but as shown in Fig. XI it is forced forward by the pistonrodI 26 of the press 12, to which it is connected by the screw-sleeve 54. On the piston-rod 26 of the press 13 is screwed a 'collar 55,' with a projecting flange resting against the ring 40 and forcing it against the gun member 2 with sufficient pressure to close the joints at lthe packings 44 and keep them closed during the process of straining. This- 'pressure will have to first overcome that put upon the plunger 42 and, second,apply enough additional lpressure to keep the packings 44 closed. In the process of straining these parts 'as they extend tangentially they'contract longitudinally, the piston-rod 26 follow-A ing up this contraction and keeping the parts together, as specified.

In-the case illustrated the first parts of the members 3 and 2 are thinner than are the other parts thereof and are not, therefore, able to. bear the pressure req uired propl erly strain the thicker parts of these pieces.

- slipped loosely over these parts.

For this reason limiting-bands 56 and 57 are They are expanded until the portioncontained in these bands fills by expanding the limiting-bands, and the other part is afterward farther extended by the increased pressure then applied to the fluid in or around the straining-bar.

When the parts 2 and 3 are sufficiently expanded, the pressure on the liquid is removed by any convenient means, but usually by 'withdrawing the plunger 42.

The'. removal of this pressure allows the parts 2 and 3 to contract the part 3 then tightly banding the member 2, the latter 'having been extended more in proportion to its' diameter than has the-former. It will also be found, whether the part 3 was strained previously to its be-A ing assembled with the part 2 or not, that both the parts 2 and 3 would, if separated, be found to have tension on their exteriors and compression on 4the interior parts thereof.

' The contraction of the parte 2 and. Sion the removal of the liquid-pressure will not usually be sufficient to free them from the limit- 1ng-bandsl56 and 57. These bands may be pressed 0E by any suitable means. A good Way is to force liquid between their inner surfaces and the outer surface of the part they inclose through ducts 56' 57, when their conical form immediately causes their release, they slipping back from the interior pieces as soon as the liquid is forced between them with sufficient pressure to separate the adjoining surfaces. I f the metal in the tubeij is very hard, it neednot be expanded before the member 2 is inserted, and in even other cases it may be sufficiently expanded by expanding it and the member 2 together in one operation, as described; but in this case the inner part 2 will always recei-ve a larger permanent set while being expanded than will the part 3. Members 2, 3, and 4 may be loosely assembled and expanded together, or members 2, 3, and 4 and 1 may be loosely assembled and all yexpanded at one operation; but it will usually be preferable 'to assemble parts 2 and 3 together and expand 2 into 3, as. described, and afterward 'assemble with them partsy 1 'and 4 and expand them until the parts 2 and 3 are properly extended or.until when the pressure is removed from the interior parts and they are allowed to contract the remaining strains of tension on the exterior parts are as great as is desired.

If the member 4 is made in one tube of one thickness of metal, it will be better to expand it into the assembled pieces 2 and 3 before inserting the barrel 1, which is done by using the apparatus in a similar way to that shown for assembling and straining parts 2 and 3. If the member 4 `is compound and ICO made up of two or more series of rings or j hoops, as shown in Figs. II and III, with higher elastic limits than the parts 1 and 2, these rings are preferably pressed together with slight strains of tension on the exterior and compression on the interior rings, owing to the relative diameters given to their adjoining faces when they are dressed. After they are assembled with eachother they-are slipped loosely into the member 2, the outer rings having a diameter smaller than the corresponding diameter of the receiving member 2, so that these rings when strained out to position in the finished gun will have a greater strain of tension than will the adjoining inner surface of the member 2, which has a lower elastic limit. The member 4, whether simple-or compound, is strained out to position by the method illustrated in Fig. XIV, where'the straining-bar 39 is shown extending through the Whole length of the gun, with the parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 in position around it, ready 'for the operation of straining. In this case the bar is supported at the muzzle endby the sleeve 59, which is screwed to the pis- IIO IZO

ton-rod 26 of the press 13. The other end is :wwwa z D to prevent its being strained too greatly at that part.' 'lhe straining-bar 39 and ring 59 are provided with packings 44 and -45, similar to those described,and illustrated in Figs'.

XII and XIII. In the case illustrated the l v left-hand end of the straining -bar is much larger than the right-hand end,owing to the offset at the front of the breech-sleeve 7 and the offset in the gun-barrel at the point where the Io lining-tube 5 terminates. Owingto these odsets were no packings provided thereat when a heavy pressure is put upon the liquid there would be a large longitudinal thrust, tending to carry the straining-bar to the left and the parts of the gun to the right. This thrust in the case of heavy guns would be so extreme as to be diflicult to manage, for which reason packings are provided to prevent the liquid from acting on these annular areas around zo vthe bar. Apair of these packings are placed at 61 and another pair at theoffset at 62, the latter being illustrated shown an the larger scale at Fig. XV, there packing 63a is precisely similar and acts in the same Way as z 5 those already described; but packing 63 is of .somewhat different construction, owingto its being necessary to insert itina groove in the solid bar. When this packing is used in the form shown in Fig. XIII, the parts 50, 51, 52, 3o and 53 are readily assembled; but when they are set .in a recess in the solid bar, as shown in Fig. XV, the assembling is different. In this case the parts 50, 51, 52, and 53 are first put into the groove by slipping them over the bar till they are over the groove and then compressing them to position, the part 52 being then forced rmly against the others and a cut ring 64 inserted to keep themtightly together.

`In slipping the bar 39 into position the packing 4o 63 is liable to be injured and distorted lunless precautions are taken to preventit. Asimple and good way to avoid injury is to slip a ring 65h, which tits the bar 39, immediately over the center of the packing 63. When the bar "45 'is slipped to itsvplace, the ring '55*- strikes against the shoulder anti-fthe barrel 1 and is slipped 0E the packing, which readily passes withoutdisturbanceintothe surrounding part of the barrel. When the parts arein position l 5o ready to begin the straining, plunger 42 is forced by the press 12 or other suitable means against the liquid in the straining-bar 39,forc ing-it out through ducts 43, 65, and 66 into the annular spaces around the bar between it 5 5 and the surrounding members of the gun, ex-

' panding the barrel 1 and the screw-sleeve 7 out against the exterior parts and permanently enlarging their diameters sufficient to give the desired strain of tension to the ex- 6o terior parts of the gun and permanent compression to the members 1 and 4after the re, moval of the liquid-pressure. Should there be leakage from the annular space around the straining-bar sufficient to force liquid be- I 65. tween the packings 63 63a, it will be carried away with slight pressure through the duct 66, (shown in Figs. XIVand XV,) leading into outlet 67, (shown in Fig. XlV,) or any other outlet which may preferably be provided. A similar duct 68 (shown in dotted lines in Fig 7o XIV) will carry away the liquid which may leak past the packings at 61 and avoid lon'- gitudinal thrust at that point. In straining the barrel 1 and sleeve 7 to positionthe Work may be done simultaneously, as described, liquid of the same pressure being forced'into the interior of all these parts, or I may provideliquid of different pressures for the different parts of the bore and sleeve and still strain them all at one operation. Another 8o method which may be advisably practiced in some cases would be to strai'n thesleeve 7 to position either before or after straining the barrel 1, thispieceVA being strained first one part of its-length to position and subsequently the other part, or pressure may be put upon part of the barrel, straining it partially in one part and fully in another and subsequent additional straining complete the straining of the part which was insuiiiciently strained at 9o first. If the member4 is compound, it and 1 will be assembled together and slipped loosely into the part 2 and then the whole expanded until the diameter of the part 1 has been increased suiiiciently to give the desired tension to all the parts exterior thereto, the diameters of the rings next to the member 2 having been previously made of such sizes relatively to the adjoining surfaces ofthe part much higher tensile'strain than will the in-A terior of the part 2. Enlarging the diameter of the barrel 1 shortens it longitudinally and will give at one stage of the process a longiening, and the pressure of the liquid should son of the tangential strain'of tension ou the parts exterior thereto. The front part of the barrel will have a strain of tension on its exterior and compression on the interior as depounded of rings, as shown in Figs. II and III, the construction should .be such as to give a strain of tension on the exterior rings next to the part 2 greater than the tension on that charges. In the normal state before firing while the members 2 and 3 are under tension as a whole, giving compression to the inner parts as a whole, the interior of the member 2 'It will sometimes happen that the screwsleeve 7 is assembled after the parts 1 and 4 have been strained to position. It will also sometimes happen, even lwhen the screw- 2 that they will have in the finished gun a roo tudinal strain of tension owing to this short- :o5

be increased until the interior of this barrel also be under a strain of compression by reasired. In all cases if the member 4 is com- 12o member when firing with the maximum may be under a strain of compression. 13o

sleeve 7 `has been simultaneously or previously strained to position, that in straining 1 and 4 to position the pressure is 4not sufficientV to give the desired longitudinal compression in the barrel 1.y In this case and in some others it is desirable to 'insert a ring 69 betweenl the breech-sleeve 7 and thelbarrel 1,

as shown inl Fig. 1I, or breech-sleevel 7 and members 1 and 4, as shown in Fig. XVI, this ring 69 being strained to position after the straining of screw-sleeve 7 andmembers 1 and 4. It may be strained out by radial liquidpressureput upon its exterior surface, or it may be strained out to position by the lnethod shown in Fig. XVI,where the interior is bored conical and the coned piece 70 is forced into it by heavy pressure, expanding it until it fits tightly against thel member 2 and untilthe compression is sufficient to give a longitudinal thrust against the breefh-sleeve and the member l or l and 4 approaching to or greater than the thrfust which will come upon the breech-block when the gun is fired. In the latter case the pressure upon the outer screw-threads of the breech-sleeve 7 is not increased by firing the gun, and all backlash of this piece is avoided. This sleeve is not threaded on its interior to receive the breechblock usually .until after the complete expansion'of the ring 69. After the breech-sleeve 7, members 1 and 4, and the ring 69 have been If preferred, the rifling of the gun and this lining-tube or the final boring land riiiing of the gun and this lining-tube can be left until the tube has been seated in position; but the Vprocess of riding them first is convenient when considered from the point of convenrie'ntly relining the gum-especiallywhen this work is done on shipboard or in thedefenses C where the gun is in use.'v A

' 'The method of inserting the lining I have fully described in, another application Afiled April, 1900, Serial No. 11,904. .It consists,

briefly, in forcing a film of fluid between the vlining and the vsurrounding parts under a sufficient pressure to insure compression of the lining enough to allow it to be removed forward to its-proper seat in the gun, when thepressure on the liquid is removed-and the liquid is allowed-'to Iiow out through a duct (Shown in Figs. Hand IV.) This lining 5 is made of hard highly-elastic thoroughly' 'worked oil-tempered steel, should be finished with such dimensionsthat-when assemiameter that when inserted its inner iam ,eter will be that desired in the finished gun.

bled in its proper posit-ion in the gun it will be under a high strain of compression, pref-` erably so high that when the walls of the gun are expanded in firing the compression on this piece will not be wholly removed, in

which case-there is no danger of its splitting,

and it more readily bears the severe strains put upon the lands by thevpacking of the projectile during the act of firing. For the more ready insertion of this lining-tube it is usually prepared with one or moreoifsets or changes of diameter, as illustrated in the case shown, where there are three, one at 72, one at 73, and one at 74, thel diameters of this liuing before insertion being less than that ofthe chamber, but larger than that of its corresponding seats in the barrel 1. It is readily slipped into the chamber and barrel, but stops when it reaches within one offset or space of its final resting place. The liquid-pressure is then introduced to reduce its diameter, so that it can be forced forward to its seat. To retain this pressure, a packing 75, entirely similar to the packing 45, already described, is provided and applied to the lining at the front end of suchv lining-tube, as shown in Fig. IV. A packing is also provided around the head of the assembling-tool to retain the liquid at the rear end of the tube, so that pressure will be applied through-v out the whole length of thelinin'g-tube to redu'ce its diameter as desired. The liquid is forced into the annular space between -the lining-tube and the'barrel 1 through the duct 71 until the pressure is sufficient to give the required reduction to the lining 5. As this tube is moved forward some of the liquid around the tube may leak out through the .packings, the balance flowing back through the duct 71, and when thepiece is finally seatedy any liquid remaining between the4 parts will flow out as soon as the pressure is removed, owing to the expansion of the lining-tube or the expansion of the lining-tube and the contraction of the walls around it. The front part ofthe tube 5 has a thin lip or sleeve 76 extending beyond the packing 75, covering the joint between it and the member 1, itself makinga joint tightat its front end with the part l, the interior of the 1inlOO IOS

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ing-tube and barrel being iiush at that point.

The exterior of this lip 76 is surrounded with a shallow groove 77, made in it or in the adjoining part for the purpose of reducing the surface of contactto avoid the flow of gas through this jointwhen the gun is fired. In Fig. 1V these grooves are shown in the barrel 1 instead of on the sleeve, Where they are usually placed.

' The real.` of the tube 5is provided with .threads 78 to engage the threads of the assembling-tool when the lining is to be inserted or removed from the gun. 79 is a thin overlapping "piece, best made of bronze or copper, secured at its front end to the tube 5 and'overlapping and closing at its rear end the Joint between the assembling-tool and the ,i rames 7.

lining-tube 5 during the process ol inserting or removing the lining-tube. It is secured to thetnbe by the metallic packing 83, tightly forced therein.

. S is a sleeve made of steel or hard bronze which screws into and fills the assemblingthreads provided at the rear end ofthe lining and has provided on ils interior a seat or seats, slightly conical, into which the finishing-piece 81 is tightly forced to ex pand 8O and the .rear end of tube `5 to position and make a proper finish for ythe rear'of the liningtube. It is best made of hard bronze or highly-tempered steel and of diameters 'sufficient to cause it to have a heavy resultant strain of compression` when forced to its seat.

To avoid the ow of gas past either of these pieces, a series of grooves 82 82 are provided, as shown in Fig. IV, which by reducing the surface of pressure between the adjoining faces tend to exclude the passage 'ofwthe gases throughthese joints. Shonldit'happen`,how

ever, that gas goes through in tiring, it will pass ont through theduct 7 land give notice' that there is leakage at that point. v

It will sometimes happen, especiallyin the case of large guns, that the pressures required to properly expand the part-sl and 4 to positionafter assembling are so great as to cause great difficultyin handling them,in which case the parts l and 4 may be strained together, the parts 2 and 3 assembled and strained together by themselves, and then parts 2 and 3 as one piece andthe parts l and 4 as another piece be brought together and assembled by precisely the same process that is'used to insert the lining 5. The assembling-machine described is suitable for this use. The process of assembling parts of the gun in this way is more fully described and illustrated in another application filed April 6, 1900, Serial No.1l,904. In passing liquid through the duct 7l care must be takentoexclude it from the joints between themembers through which it passes, which maybe tiene 'by the use of a piece 84, (shown'in Figs. II and IV,) which has sealed joints at its outer and inner ends, both lofv Ywhich are made conical and tightened or closed by the action of the screw 85. (Shown in Fig; Il.)

Having thus described my invention, the followingis what I claim as new therein and desire 4to secure by Letters Patent:

1. The process of expanding the interior of a tube, jacket, or other partV of a gun, outward against the exterior parts surrounding it, or against the exterior parts of itself, by

- 'means of liquid-pressure acting on a partor the Wholeof the interior of said piece, sustaining it by a limiting band or bands, and preventing the thinner parts of said piece which is being expanded' from being unduly strained or enlarged bythe pressure required on the thicker parts thereof, substantially as and for the purpose described.

2. The process of outwardly expanding a tube, jacket, or other part of a gun, having changes or offsets in its interior diameter, which consists in introducing a straining-bar provided with corresponding osets and suitable packingsw at or near the extremities of the part being strained, and at ythe osets,

which will retain the pressure liquid and permit the desired radial pressure, but prevent longitudinal pressure between the bar and the part being strained, then introducing liquid into the chambers thus formed, under pressure, suiicient to cause the desired expansion.

3. In the construction and assembling of guns, the process of assembling two or more parts thereof, which consists in constructing said parts with such relative internal and external diameters that they will fit one loosely within another, putting the loose parts together in their proper relative positions and then introducing within an inner part hydraulic or iuid pressure sufficient to force the inner part or parts out against the exterior part or parts, and permanently enlarge the inner loose part or parts by expanding the metal thereof to a sufficient extent-to cause the inner part or parts to be firmly v seized and held in place by the outer.

4. The process of constructing and assembling guns, which consists in providing three or more concentric members, of which an intermediate member has a higher limit of elasticity than the member which is to immediately surround it when assembled, then slipping said members together, one within another, then introducing into an inner member fluid-pressure sufficient to expand the inner members firmly against the outer, and leave the intermediate member under a per-A manent strain of tension superior to that in the inner part ofrthe member immediately surrounding it.

5. In constructing heavy guns, the process` of'assembling, which consists in inserting one 'or more lining-tubes, a breech-sleeve and ,ring so as to apply longitudinal compression to the lining and breech-sleeve, as expla-ined.

The foregoing specification signed this 20th day of May, 1901.

" ALBERT. H. EMERY. In `presence of B. FRANKLIN WESTON, NATNL. R. HART.

IIO 

